The invention includes methods of neuroprotection, inducing release ofneurotrophic factors, inhibiting the over-activation of innate immune cells,attenuating the toxin-induced death and/or damage of tissues, reducinginflammation, treating an inflammation-related condition, and inhibiting NADPHoxidase, that includes contacting or administering an effective amount of atleast one compound of the invention that include: valproic acid, sodiumbutyrate, and salts thereof； opioid peptides； a peptide comprising thetripeptide GGF； and morphinans, such as naloxone, naltrexone, 3-hydroxy-morphinan and dextromethorphan.
