Methods and apparatus are disclosed for diagnosing vision and improving vision, for example by reducing or eliminating the effects of macular degeneration, in a manner which does not interfere with the natural shape of the cornea or its orientation relative to the remainder of the eye, but which changes its surface curvature appropriately to achieve the required correction of vision. The focus of sub-regions of the cornea is adjusted so that different regions focus at a controlled distance about a reference axis. This can be accomplished by shaping the cornea (e.g. through ablation) or by applying an appropriate contact lens or other optical lens.
