Methods for treating polycystic ovary syndrome with therapeutic renal neuromodulation and associated systems and methods are disclosed herein. The polycystic ovary syndrome can be associated, for example, with a condition including at least one of oligo/amenorrhea, infertility, hirsutism, obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and increased cardiovascular risk profile. One aspect of the present technology is directed to methods that at least partially inhibit sympathetic neural activity in nerves proximate a renal artery of a kidney of a patient. Central sympathetic drive in the patient can thereby be reduced in a manner that treats the patient for the polycystic ovary syndrome. Renal sympathetic nerve activity can be modulated along the afferent and/or efferent pathway. The modulation can be achieved, for example, using an intravascularly positioned catheter carrying a therapeutic assembly, e.g., a therapeutic assembly configured to cryotherapeutically cool the renal nerve or to deliver an energy field to the renal nerve.
