Systems and methods for calculating radiotherapy dose distribution are provided. The systems and methods include operations for receiving data representing at least one of particle trajectories or a dose deposition pattern in a simulated delivery of a radiotherapy plan； applying a dose calculation process to the received data to generate a first radiotherapy dose distribution having a first level of detail； and processing the first radiotherapy dose distribution using a trained machine learning technique to generate a second radiotherapy dose distribution having a second level of detail that enhances the first level of detail.
