Provided herein is a method of stimulating a systemic T helper cell type 1 response in a person in need thereof, the method comprising: injecting a composition comprising a recall antigen intradermally in a person in need thereof； wherein the method is not a method of treating a herpes simplex virus infection； and wherein the method does not comprise injecting a composition comprising a recall antigen intradermally into a viral epithelial lesion； and (i) wherein the person is infected with a microorganism and afflicted with a disease caused by the microorganism, and the composition comprising a recall antigen does not comprise an antigen of the microorganism infecting the person； or (ii) wherein the person is afflicted with a cancer, and the composition comprising a recall antigen does not comprise an antigen of the cancer afflicting the person.
