Systems and methods are disclosed herein for quantifying the response of a biological system to one or more perturbations based on measured activity data from a subset of the entities in the biological system. Based on the activity data and a network model of the biological system that describes the relationships between measured and non-measured entities, activities of entities that are not measured are inferred. The inferred activities are used for deriving a score quantifying the response of the biological system to a perturbation such as a response to a treatment condition. The score may be representative of the magnitude and topological distribution of the response of the network to the perturbation.
