Disclosed herein are TGFß antagonists and ActRII antagonists and methods for increasing immune responses and/or activity in patients in need thereof including, for example, cancer patients. For example, disclosed are methods of using a combination of ActRIIB-Fc and TGFß antibody in the treatment of cancer, as well as in methods of inducing an immune response, treating or preventing immune exhaustion, inducing or potentiating an immune response against an antigen, vaccination against a pathogen or cancer in combination with pathogen or cancer antigens, and potentiating an immune response induced by a vaccine. Further included is anti-TGF-beta monotherapy in the same methods.
