The presently disclosed devices, methods, and systems involve direct and intuitive visualization using gaze-control in robotic laparoscopy. For example, when the system detects a new visual interest, the robot may guide the scope to approach or move toward the target view. In order to achieve the disclosed control, a system coordinate transformation is developed. The disclosed devices, methods, and systems may translates gaze positions on image (in pixels) to relative rotation angles and/or translation distances of the laparoscope. In most cases, this relationship, which may be built, in part, on the parameters of the laparoscope and the inserted laparoscope length in the patient's body, may allow the robot to directly follow the surgeon's gaze position on the monitor. The disclosed devices, methods, and systems may help to reduce cognitive and physical burdens on a laparoscopic surgeon.
