Disclosed are nanoparticles of a light emissive polymer, comprising nanoparticles of a cyano-substituted poly(arylene vinylene) polymer and a biocompatible surfactant adsorbed to the surface of the nanoparticles of the polymer, and preparation method thereof, wherein the method comprises: (1) uniformly mixing a dialdehyde monomer represented by a general formula OHC—Ar1—CHO, a dicyanide monomer represented by a general formula NC—Ar2—CN, and a liquid surfactant (2) adding water to the resulting mixture to prepare an aqueous micelle dispersion and (3) adding a polymerization catalyst to the aqueous micelle dispersion, followed by carrying out colloidal polymerization of the resulting mixture at room temperature under an atmosphere. The nanoparticles of the light emissive polymer of the invention are stabilized with a biocompatible surfactant, so that it can form a stable aqueous dispersion phase, and has particle size and fluorescence efficiency suitable for a biomolecular marker or a cell or in vivo imaging therefore, it can be used as a cell or in vivo light emission contrast agent.
