The invention relates to the sorghum variety designated GSV142316. Provided by the invention are the seeds, plants and derivatives of the sorghum variety GSV142316. Also provided by the invention are tissue cultures of the sorghum variety GSV142316 and the plants regenerated therefrom. Still further provided by the invention are methods for producing sorghum plants by crossing the sorghum variety GSV142316 with itself or another sorghum variety and plants produced by such methods.