The present disclosure provides methods of mimicking epinephrine plasma pharmacokinetic parameters/plasma epinephrine levels of an at least one l-epinephrine injection in humans with an at least one dosage of an intranasal and/or sublingual l-epinephrine formulation. Methods of maintaining constant elevated plasma epinephrine level(s) by the consecutive dosing of intranasal and/or sublingual l-epinephrine are also provided. These methods may be helpful when l-epinephrine injection is not available or not possible. The present disclosure allows formulations for intranasal administration of l-epinephrine and/or small, l-epinephrine sublingual tablets to be conveniently carried by soldiers and others, such as in a remote location or battlefield, and such as when emergency medical services are not readily available or accessible. The methods may be able to sustain life and restore proper blood perfusion when someone is having cardiopulmonary difficulty until medical help or transport can arrive.
