An immunomodulator for use in the treatment, reduction, inhibition or control of a neoplastic disease in a patient intended to undergo checkpoint inhibition therapy, selected from a cell, protein, peptide, antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, directed against CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1 and combinations thereof, simultaneously, separately or sequentially with administration of the immunomodulator. The immunomodulator comprises a whole cell Mycobacterium, for example, M. vaccae or M. obuense.
