Provided herein in some embodiments is a formulation comprising (a) one or more nanoscale particle and (b) a film-forming polymer. In some instances, the formulation is an immediate and sustained released formulation suitable for topical administration or administration to surfaces. Also provided here in certain embodiments is a method of reducing the population of pathogenic microorganisms on skin or surfaces, the method comprising applying to the skin or surface a composition, the composition comprising (a) one or more nanoscale particle and (b) a film-forming polymer.
