Methods are provided for obtaining and testing or analyzing a non-venous and non-arterial puncture human fluid or cell sample or human body fluid or cell sample to detect the presence of at least one infectious disease. The sample may be menstrual fluid, endometrial menstrual cells, umbilical cord blood, or amniotic fluid. Confirmatory testing of a corresponding arterial or venous blood sample for comparison to the test results for the non-venous and non-arterial human fluid or cell sample may be performed. The testing may comprise a screening test or a confirmatory test.
