According to one aspect of the disclosure, medical devices are provided which have a negatively charged surface and a lubricous hydrophilic coating comprising a sulf(on)ated species disposed on the negatively charged surface. In various embodiments, the sulf(on)ated species is ionically crosslinked with itself and with the negatively charged species by a multivalent cationic species. In other aspects, medical devices are provided which have a polymeric surface and a lubricous hydrophilic layer comprising a covalently crosslinked sulf(on)ated species disposed on the surface. Still other aspects of the invention pertain to methods of forming such devices and methods of using such devices.
