The present invention generally relates to therapeutic compositions and methods for treating cancer patients. The compositions and methods can increase efficacy of an anti-cancer therapy, or treat, prevent, or inhibit an oncology-treatment induced condition (OTIC) induced by an anti-cancer therapy. The therapeutic compositions comprise microbial compositions and, optionally, an anti-cancer therapeutic agent. The methods comprise administering a therapeutic composition comprising a microbial composition and administering an anti-cancer therapy.