The present invention features a device having a barrier membrane contactingsurface, the device containing: a power source; a first conductive electrode(140); a second conductive electrode (240); and a carrier (120); wherein thepower source is in electric communication with the first conductive electrodeand the second conductive electrode, wherein the first conductive electrodeand the second conductive electrode are in ionic communication with thecarrier, and wherein the carrier is in communication with the barrier membranecontacting surface.