#$%^&*AU2013203696A120140116.pdf#####ABSTRACT This invention discloses recombinant hepatitis delta viral (HDV) vectors that are useful inter alia in the treatment or prevention of hepatitis virus infections. The viral vectors are predicated on the stable integration of heterologous nucleic acid 5 sequences into a HDV genome, which confer a substantially rod-like secondary structure on the resulting recombinant HDV genome.