Disclosed is a use of Bacterial ghosts (BG) in the manufacture of a medicament to promote an innate immune response in the skin and/or mucosa in an individual in need thereof, wherein the bacterial ghosts are derived from an E. coli strain, wherein the innate immune response is promoted by induction of the expression and/or release of at least one innate immune modulator selected from the group consisting of antimicrobial defense molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
