The present disclosure provides devices, systems and methods with applicability in the coating of surfaces, in particular three-dimensional surfaces, via anodization reactions. For example, the disclosed devices, systems and methods find use in the formation of microstructured or nanostructured layers, e.g., metal oxide microstructured or nanostructured layers, via anodization on a variety of devices including, e.g., medical devices. Devices modified with one or more microstructured or nanostructured layers are also provided.
