A tourniquet apparatus (10) comprises at least two expandable members (21,22) configured for applying pressure on a limb of a subject； and actuating means (143,144) for actuating the at least two expandable members (21,22), wherein the actuating means (143,144) are configured to actuate each expandable member independently and/or selectively. There is also provided a limb-cooling apparatus (200) comprising an inner stretchable layer (210) configured to engage and/or contact a limb of a subject； an outer layer (220) at least partially attached to the inner layer (210)； and a cooling system (240) configured to supply a cooling medium (250) between the inner layer (210) and the outer layer (220).
