The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for pulse parameter modulation. The systems may perform the methods to obtain information related to a treatment plan； determine a backward window based on the information related to the treatment plan, within which one or more radiation pulses have been transmitted； determine backward information associated with the backward window based on the information related to the treatment plan and the backward window； determine a forward window based on the information related to the treatment plan, within which one or more radiation pulses are to be transmitted； determine forward information associated with the forward window based on the information related to the treatment plan, the backward information, and the forward window； and determine one or more pulse parameters of the forward window based on the forward information.
