An isothiocyanate functional surfactant, wherein the protonated form of the surfactant includes the structure of formula (IA):wherein R1 includes the structure of formula (IIA), (IIIA), or (IVA),wherein X includes an integer ranging from approximately 0 to approximately 20, wherein R2 comprises a linear or branched aliphatic group containing approximately 8 to approximately 25 carbon atoms, and wherein R3 comprises an aliphatic or aromatic group containing approximately 1 to approximately 20 carbon atoms and at least one —；N═；C═；S group.
