The present invention provides diagnostic methods, therapeutic methods, and compositions for the treatment of cancer. The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery that an immune-score expression level based on one or more of PD-L1, CXCL9, IFNG, GZMB, CD8A, and PD-1 in a sample obtained from an individual having cancer can be used in methods of predicting the therapeutic efficacy of treatment with a PD-L1 axis binding antagonist (e.g., a PD-L1 binding antagonist (e.g., anti-PD-L1 antibody, e.g., atezolizumab (MPDL3280A)) or a PD-1 binding antagonist (e.g., anti-PD-1 antibody)).本發明提供用於癌症之治療之診斷方法、治療方法及組合物。本發明至少部分地係基於如下發現，即自患有癌症之個體獲得的樣品中基於PD-L1、CXCL9、IFNG、GZMB、CD8A及PD-1中之一或多者之免疫分數表現水準可用於預測使用PD-L1軸結合拮抗劑(例如，PD-L1結合拮抗劑(例如，抗PD-L1抗體，例如阿特珠單抗或(MPDL3280A))或PD-1結合拮抗劑(例如，抗PD-1抗體))的治療之治療功效之方法中。
