An AMD prediction model utilizes an OCT image estimation model. The OCT image estimation module is created by segmenting an OCT image to generate an OCT projection image for each of multiple biological layers； extracting from each of the generated OCT projection images a first set of features； extracting a second set of features from an input retinal fundus image； for each respective biological layer, registering the input retinal fundus image to the respective OCT projection image by matching at least some of the second set of features with corresponding ones of the first set of features； repeating the above with changes to the input retinal fundus image； and modelling how the changes to the input retinal fundus image are manifest at the correspondingly registered projection images. Estimated OCT projection images can then be generated for the multiple biological layers from a given retinal fundus image.
