A method of treating various diseases, disorders, or conditions in patient using reprogrammed cells such as retrodifferentiated, transdifferentiated, or redifferentiated cells. The method comprises obtaining committed cells from the patient, retrodifferentiating the committed cells to obtain retrodifferentiated target cells, and administering the retrodifferentiated cells to the patient. In certain embodiments, the method comprises obtaining committed cells from the patient, transdifferentiating the committed cells to obtain transdifferentiated target cells, and administering the transdifferentiated target cells to the patient. The retrodifferentiated or transdifferentiated target cells repair or replenish tissue or cells in the patient.
