Thermoelectric anesthetic cooling devices allow for temperature controlled cooling of the skin/epidermis or mucous membrane/mucosa, to alleviate pain associated with medical treatment such as injections and skin ablation applied to the human body. The cooling device comprises a body that efficiently conducts heat away from the thermoelectric section of the device. The device body comprises a proximal gripping end (i.e., handle) connected to a distal head section by a neck section.