A plasma-activated coating (PAC) process covalently binds enzymes in their bioactive state, has low thrombogenicity and can be robustly applied to medical devices, resisting delamination when deployed in vivo. Applying this process to attachment of proteins such as enzymes that inhibit thrombosis and anticoagulants such as heparin or heparin fragments, one can produce medical devices and other materials for use in vascular applications having a number of benefits including covalent attachment, not requiring intermediate linkers or chemistry； substrate independent—；works on polymers, metals, ceramics, 3D shapes like stents, valves, etc.； bioactivity is retained； surface may retain greater bioactivity over time in vivo； Simultaneously supports endothelialisation； can be stored for long periods, following freeze drying, and retains effectiveness when rehydrated and； surface is able to bind many fibrinolytic enzymes such as streptokinase, urokinase, tPA, plasmin).
