The present invention provides diagnostic methods, therapeutic methods, andcompositions for the treatment of cancer(e.g., a bladder cancer (e.g., UC, e.g., mUC), a kidney cancer, a lung cancer,a liver cancer, an ovarian cancer, a pancreatic cancer, acolorectal cancer, or a breast cancer). The invention is based, at least inpart, on the discovery that expression levels of one or morebiomarkers described herein in a sample from an individual having cancer canbe used in methods of identifying an individual havinga cancer who may benefit with an anti-cancer therapy that includes animmunotherapy (e.g., a PD-L1 axis binding antagonist such asan anti-PD-L1 antibody (e.g., atezolizumab)) and a suppressive stromalantagonist (e.g., a TGF-.beta. antagonist), methods for selecting atherapy for an individual having cancer, methods of treating an individualhaving cancer, methods for assessing a response or monitoringthe response of an individual to treatment with an anti-cancer therapy thatincludes an immunotherapy (e.g., a PD-L1 axis bindingantagonist such as an anti-PD-L1 antibody (e.g., atezolizumab)) and asuppressive stromal antagonist (e.g., a TGF-.beta. antagonist), andrelated kits, anti-cancer therapies, and uses.
