PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a rolling bearing and an air turbine bearing unit capable of promptly stopping super high-speed rotation and rotation with small air pressure.SOLUTION: A seal member (30) is made from elastic material aline, and is fixed to a groove portion (12) formed on an inner peripheral surface of an outer ring (10) by a stop ring (40). When compression air is not acted, the seal member (30) contacts with an outer peripheral surface (21) of an inner ring (20). When the compression air is acted, a contact area between the seal member (30) and the outer peripheral surface (21) of the inner ring (20) becomes small as compared with a case in which the compression air is not acted.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2【課題】少ないエアー圧での超高速回転、及び回転を迅速に停止することが可能な転がり軸受及びエアタービン軸受ユニットを提供する。【解決手段】シール部材(30)は、弾性材料のみからなり、外輪(10)の内周面に形成された溝部(12)に止め輪(40)によって固定され、圧縮空気が作用しないとき、シール部材(30)は内輪(20)の外周面(21)に接触する。圧縮空気が作用するとき、圧縮空気が作用しないときと比べてシール部材(30)と内輪(20)の外周面(21)との接触面積が小さくなる。【選択図】図2