The disclosure provides thiol-containing alkyl fatty acid and vitamin D compound formulations for intravenous, parenteral or oral administration. The compositions of the present technology have optimal controlled bioavailability and are useful for treating metabolic dysfunctions such as pre-diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and diabetes. Also provided are methods of treatment comprising the daily administration of the disclosed thiolcontaining alkyl fatty acid formulations alone or in combination with the disclosed vitamin D compound formulations.
