Verbascum gimgimense an Endemic Turkish Plant: Evaluation of In Vitro Anticancer, Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory Activities, and Phytochemical Profile

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作   者：

Mehmet Kadir Erdogan;  Ayd?n Sever;  Ramazan Gundogdu;  Yusuf Toy;  Ibrahim Halil Gecibesler;  Yakup Yapar;  Lutfi Behcet;  Gokhan Zengin; 

作者机构：

Bingol University;  Science Faculty;  Selcuk University;  Department of Occupational Health and Safety;  Department of Biology;  Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics;  Faculty of Arts and Sciences;  Vocational School of Health Services;  Faculty of Health Science;  Department of Pharmacy Services; 

关键词：

antioxidant properties;  Verbascum gimgimense;  apoptosis;  cancer;  antiproliferative activity; 

期刊名称：

Cell biochemistry and function

i s s n：

0263-6484

年卷期：

2024 年 42 卷 8 期

页   码：

e70023-e70023

页   码：

摘   要：

ABSTRACT The Verbascum genus has gained significant attention in the pharmaceutical field, particularly in recent years, due to its valuable medicinal properties, which are well‐recognized in complementary and alternative medicine. Certain species within this genus contain essential compounds and exhibit a wide range of therapeutic activities. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Verbascum gimgimense (VG) was analyzed for its cytotoxic, apoptotic, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory properties, as well as its phenolic and lipophilic compounds. The phenolic compounds in the extract were identified using Exactive Plus Orbitrap HPLC‐HRMS, while the lipophilic components were characterized by GC‐MS analysis. The Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) cell viability assay and colony formation assay were performed to assess the antiproliferative and anti‐colony survival effects of VG on the A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Additionally, a wound healing assay measured cell migration, and the apoptotic process was evaluated using Caspase‐3 ELISA and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Protein expression levels were determined by western blot analysis. DPPH, ABTS FRAP, and CUPRAC assays were used to determine free radical scavenging, reducing power, and metal chelating activities, respectively. VG was rich in dominant phenolic components, including benzoic acid (6.809?mg/g extract), phloretic acid (1.279?mg/g extract), luteolin 7‐rutinoside (2.799?mg/g extract), luteoloside (3.300?mg/g extract), kuromanine (3.456?mg/g extract), and rutin hydrate (2.015?mg/g extract). Major fatty acids identified in VG included palmitic acid (17.3%), stearic acid (2.99%), linoleic acid (9.44%), and α‐linolenic acid (26.48%). VG treatment significantly reduced colony formation ability, decreased wound closure, and increased both apoptotic cell count and caspase‐3 activity compared to the control group. Protein levels of c‐PARP, p53, and p21 were substantially elevated compared to controls. In addition to its strong free radical scavenging, reducing power and metal chelating activity, VG exhibited strong inhibitory effects on α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, AChE, BChE, and tyrosinase. Our study demonstrates that VG possesses antiproliferative, apoptotic, antioxidant, and enzyme‐inhibitory properties. V. gimgimense emerges as a promising natural antioxidant source with potentially significant regulatory effects on key enzymes and proteins, which could contribute to managing various human diseases and inspire the development of novel therapeutic strategies.